What was the term used for international shipping of goods before containerization?

The term used for international shipping of goods before containerization is "break-bulk." This method involves transporting goods that are packaged in smaller, individual quantities rather than in bulk. Break-bulk shipping requires handling each piece of cargo separately, which can lead to increased labor costs and longer loading and unloading times compared to containerized shipping.

Prior to the adoption of standardized shipping containers, goods were often loaded directly into the hold of a vessel or placed on pallets, making them more susceptible to damage and theft during transit. The shift to containerization has dramatically streamlined the shipping process, allowing for more efficient handling, reduced shipping times, and better protection for cargo. Other shipping methods mentioned, like full-container, consolidated shipping, and unit-load, are associated with the containerized shipping model developed later.